Functionality vs. Falls in Older Adults

Abstract

This review article analyzes the relationship between physical function and fall risk in older adults, based on a synthesis of studies published between 2015 and 2025. A search of international databases identified 842 records; after data cleaning and methodological evaluation, 33 studies meeting quality and relevance criteria were included. The review integrates evidence from observational research, intervention trials, and mixed-methods studies that examine mobility, balance, muscle strength, functional performance, and independence, as well as their association with the frequency and risk of falls. The findings consistently show that a lower level of function, assessed using tests such as the SPPB, TUG, Barthel, Katz, or Chair Stand, significantly increases the likelihood of falling. Modifiable factors associated with falls were also identified, such as muscle weakness, impaired balance, gait limitations, and a decline in overall functional capacity. The reviewed evidence underscores the need to implement physical exercise programs, systematic functional assessment, and specific preventive strategies to reduce falls and promote healthy aging. It is concluded that functionality is a key predictor and an essential clinical indicator for early intervention in this population.

Keywords. Elderly people, Physical fitness, Mobility, Balance.